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  1. In 2009, new EU legislation regulating advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs), consisting of gene therapy, tissue engineering and cell-based medicines, was introduced. Although less than 20 ATMPs were aut...

    Authors: Simon Hawlina, Helena H. Chowdhury, Tomaž Smrkolj and Robert Zorec
    Citation: Biology Direct 2022 17:5
    Content type: Review Published on:

  4. Hepatoblastoma (HB) is identified to be the most common liver malignancy which occurs in children. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been implicated in numerous biological processes and diseases, including H...

    Authors: Wei Zhang, Feng Liang, Qingfeng Li, Hong Sun, Fei Li, Zhibo Jiao and Jie Lei
    Citation: Biology Direct 2022 17:2
    Content type: Research Published on:

  5. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to be vital factors to affect the expression of genes and proteins. Also, it has been proved that the abnormal expression or mutation of lncRNAs stands as a si...

    Authors: Change Qi, Jianwei Liu, Pengnv Guo, Yali Xu, Jing Hu and Xiaomei Han
    Citation: Biology Direct 2022 17:1
    Content type: Research Published on:

  6. A variety of hematopoietic abnormalities are commonly seen in human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infected individuals despite antiviral therapy, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Nef plays an i...

    Authors: Wei Zou, Juanjuan Xing, Shijie Zou, Mei Jiang, Xinping Chen, Qi Chen, Daozheng Liu, Xiangcheng Zhang and Xin Fu
    Citation: Biology Direct 2021 16:27
    Content type: Research Published on:

  7. Microorganisms evolved specific acclimation strategies to thrive in environments of high or fluctuating salinities. Here, salt acclimation in the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 was analyzed by in...

    Authors: Stephan Klähn, Stefan Mikkat, Matthias Riediger, Jens Georg, Wolfgang R. Hess and Martin Hagemann
    Citation: Biology Direct 2021 16:26
    Content type: Research Published on:

  9. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors with high mortality worldwide. Accumulating researches have indicated that long non‑coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in varies human ...

    Authors: ZhenYu Feng, ZhenYu Ye, JiaMing Xie, Wei Chen, Wei Li and ChunGen Xing
    Citation: Biology Direct 2021 16:24
    Content type: Research Published on:

  10. During oncogenesis, cells become unrestrictedly proliferative thereby altering the tissue homeostasis and resulting in subsequent hyperplasia. This process is paralleled by resumption of cell cycle, aberrant D...

    Authors: Julian M. Rozenberg, Svetlana Zvereva, Aleksandra Dalina, Igor Blatov, Ilya Zubarev, Daniil Luppov, Alexander Bessmertnyi, Alexander Romanishin, Lamak Alsoulaiman, Vadim Kumeiko, Alexander Kagansky, Gerry Melino, Carlo Ganini and Nikolai A. Barlev
    Citation: Biology Direct 2021 16:23
    Content type: Review Published on:

  11. Rab32 is a small GTPase associated with multiple organelles but is particularly enriched at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here, it controls targeting to mitochondria-ER contacts (MERCs), thus influencing com...

    Authors: Maria Sol Herrera-Cruz, Megan C. Yap, Nasser Tahbaz, Keelie Phillips, Laurel Thomas, Gary Thomas and Thomas Simmen
    Citation: Biology Direct 2021 16:22
    Content type: Research Published on:

  12. Recently, overwhelming evidence supports that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play crucial roles in the occurrence and progression of tumors. However, the role and mechanism of lncRNA TFAP2A-AS1 in human gastric...

    Authors: Xin Zhao, Linlin Chen, Jingxun Wu, Jun You, Qingqi Hong and Feng Ye
    Citation: Biology Direct 2021 16:21
    Content type: Research Published on:

  13. SARS-CoV-2 infection could cause severe acute respiratory syndrome, largely attributed to dysregulated immune activation and extensive lung tissue damage. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully under...

    Authors: He Ren, Chaobing Ma, Haoran Peng, Bo Zhang, Lulin Zhou, Yan Su, Xiaoyan Gao and Hongyan Huang
    Citation: Biology Direct 2021 16:20
    Content type: Research Published on:

  14. The knowledge of the history of a subject stimulates understanding. As we study how other people have made scientific breakthroughs, we develop the breadth of imagination that would inspire us to make new disc...

    Authors: Péter Poczai and Jorge A. Santiago-Blay
    Citation: Biology Direct 2021 16:19
    Content type: Review Published on:

  15. Skeletal muscle has an extraordinary regenerative capacity reflecting the rapid activation and effective differentiation of muscle stem cells (MuSCs). In the course of muscle regeneration, MuSCs are reprogramm...

    Authors: Jiankai Fang, Chao Feng, Wangwang Chen, Pengbo Hou, Zhanhong Liu, Muqiu Zuo, Yuyi Han, Chenchang Xu, Gerry Melino, Alexei Verkhratsky, Ying Wang, Changshun Shao and Yufang Shi
    Citation: Biology Direct 2021 16:18
    Content type: Review Published on:

  17. Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) are the primary source of osteoblasts in vivo. Emerging literatures have unveiled that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are actively drawn in the osteogenic di...

    Authors: Yuansheng Huang, Su Wan and Min Yang
    Citation: Biology Direct 2021 16:16
    Content type: Research Published on:

  18. The interaction between proteins is a fundamental event for cellular life that is generally mediated by specialized protein domains or modules. PDZ domains are the largest class of protein–protein interaction ...

    Authors: Caterina Nardella, Lorenzo Visconti, Francesca Malagrinò, Livia Pagano, Marianna Bufano, Marianna Nalli, Antonio Coluccia, Giuseppe La Regina, Romano Silvestri, Stefano Gianni and Angelo Toto
    Citation: Biology Direct 2021 16:15
    Content type: Review Published on:

  19. The mutation of TP53 gene affects half of all human cancers, resulting in impairment of the regulation of several cellular functions, including cell cycle progression and cell death in response to genotoxic st...

    Authors: Emanuele Panatta, Carlotta Zampieri, Gerry Melino and Ivano Amelio
    Citation: Biology Direct 2021 16:14
    Content type: Opinion Published on:

  20. Growing evidence has demonstrated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can function as modulators in the development of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, the function of lncRNA small nucleolar RNA ...

    Authors: Jintao Qian, Xinhan Lei, Yue Sun, Lu Zheng, Jia Li, Shuai Zhang, Lei Zhang, Wanwan Li, Jianing Shi, Wenjun Jia and Tong Tang
    Citation: Biology Direct 2021 16:13
    Content type: Research Published on:

  22. Most inactivating mutations in TP53 gene generates neomorphic forms of p53 proteins that experimental evidence and clinical observations suggest to exert gain-of-function effects. While massive effort has been...

    Authors: Eleonora Mammarella, Carlotta Zampieri, Emanuele Panatta, Gerry Melino and Ivano Amelio
    Citation: Biology Direct 2021 16:11
    Content type: Research Published on:

  23. Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase-4 (ACSL4) is involved in fatty acid metabolism, and aberrant ACSL4 expression could be either tumorigenic or tumor-suppressive in different tumor types. However, the function and...

    Authors: Yixiang Zhang, Songyu Li, Fengzhou Li, Changsheng Lv and Qing-kai Yang
    Citation: Biology Direct 2021 16:10
    Content type: Research Published on:

    The Correction to this article has been published in Biology Direct 2023 18:68

  24. Cancer is a major health problem which presents a high heterogeneity. In this work we explore omics data from Breast, Kidney and Lung cancers at different levels as signalling pathways, functions and miRNAs, a...

    Authors: Sergio Romera-Giner, Zoraida Andreu Martínez, Francisco García-García and Marta R. Hidalgo
    Citation: Biology Direct 2021 16:9
    Content type: Research Published on:

  25. Human aromatase is a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily, involved in steroid hormones biosynthesis. In particular, it converts androgen into estrogens being therefore responsible for the correct sex ste...

    Authors: Giovanna Di Nardo, Almerinda Di Venere, Chao Zhang, Eleonora Nicolai, Silvia Castrignanò, Luisa Di Paola, Gianfranco Gilardi and Giampiero Mei
    Citation: Biology Direct 2021 16:8
    Content type: Research Published on:

  27. Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major safety concern characterized by a complex and diverse pathogenesis. In order to identify DILI early in drug development, a better understanding of the injury and mod...

    Authors: Anika Liu, Moritz Walter, Peter Wright, Aleksandra Bartosik, Daniela Dolciami, Abdurrahman Elbasir, Hongbin Yang and Andreas Bender
    Citation: Biology Direct 2021 16:6
    Content type: Research Published on:

  28. Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is an adverse reaction caused by the intake of drugs of common use that produces liver damage. The impact of DILI is estimated to affect around 20 in 100,000 inhabitants worldw...

    Authors: Joaquim Aguirre-Plans, Janet Piñero, Terezinha Souza, Giulia Callegaro, Steven J. Kunnen, Ferran Sanz, Narcis Fernandez-Fuentes, Laura I. Furlong, Emre Guney and Baldo Oliva
    Citation: Biology Direct 2021 16:5
    Content type: Research Published on:

  29. The human proteins TMTC1, TMTC2, TMTC3 and TMTC4 have been experimentally shown to be components of a new O-mannosylation pathway. Their own mannosyl-transferase activity has been suspected but their actual en...

    Authors: Birgit Eisenhaber, Swati Sinha, Chaitanya K. Jadalanki, Vladimir A. Shitov, Qiao Wen Tan, Fernanda L. Sirota and Frank Eisenhaber
    Citation: Biology Direct 2021 16:4
    Content type: Research Published on:

  31. Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is one of the primary problems in drug development. Early prediction of DILI can bring a significant reduction in the cost of clinical trials. In this work we examined whether ...

    Authors: Wojciech Lesiński, Krzysztof Mnich, Agnieszka Kitlas Golińska and Witold R. Rudnicki
    Citation: Biology Direct 2021 16:2
    Content type: Research Published on:

  32. Composition of microbial communities can be location-specific, and the different abundance of taxon within location could help us to unravel city-specific signature and predict the sample origin locations accu...

    Authors: Runzhi Zhang, Alejandro R. Walker and Susmita Datta
    Citation: Biology Direct 2021 16:1
    Content type: Research Published on:

  33. Knowing the “point of view” of the immune system is essential to understand the characteristic of a pandemic, such as that generated by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2, responsib...

    Authors: Ivana Celardo, Luigia Pace, Loredana Cifaldi, Carlo Gaudio and Vincenzo Barnaba
    Citation: Biology Direct 2020 15:30
    Content type: Review Published on:

  37. Many hypotheses have been proposed for how sexual reproduction may facilitate an increase in the population mean fitness, such as the Fisher-Muller theory, Muller’s ratchet and others. According to the recentl...

    Authors: Liudmyla Vasylenko, Marcus W. Feldman and Adi Livnat
    Citation: Biology Direct 2020 15:26
    Content type: Research Published on:

  38. Aetiogenesis of cancer has not been fully determined. Recent advances have clearly defined a role for microenvironmental factors in cancer progression and initiation; in this context, microbiome has recently e...

    Authors: Ivana Celardo, Gerry Melino and Ivano Amelio
    Citation: Biology Direct 2020 15:25
    Content type: Review Published on:

  40. Chron’s Disease is a chronic inflammatory intestinal disease, first described at the beginning of the last century. The disease is characterized by the alternation of periods of flares and remissions influence...

    Authors: L. Petagna, A. Antonelli, C. Ganini, V. Bellato, M. Campanelli, A. Divizia, C. Efrati, M. Franceschilli, A. M. Guida, S. Ingallinella, F. Montagnese, B. Sensi, L. Siragusa and G. S. Sica
    Citation: Biology Direct 2020 15:23
    Content type: Review Published on:

  42. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection spreaded rapidly worldwide, as far as it has become a global pandemic. Therefore, the introduction of serological tests for determination ...

    Authors: Annalisa Noce, Maria Luisa Santoro, Giulia Marrone, Cartesio D’Agostini, Ivano Amelio, Andrea Duggento, Manfredi Tesauro and Nicola Di Daniele
    Citation: Biology Direct 2020 15:21
    Content type: Research Published on:

  43. The nematode worm, Caenorhabditis elegans, is a saprophytic species that has been emerging as a standard model organism since the early 1960s. This species is useful in numerous fields, including developmental bi...

    Authors: Peng-Cheng Chen, Li Ruan, Jie Jin, Yu-Tian Tao, Xiao-Bao Ding, Hai-bo Zhang, Wen-Ping Guo, Qiao-lei Yang, Heng Yao and Xin Chen
    Citation: Biology Direct 2020 15:20
    Content type: Research Published on:

  45. The identification of individual or clusters of predictive genetic alterations might help in defining the outcome of cancer treatment, allowing for the stratification of patients into distinct cohorts for sele...

    Authors: Ivano Amelio, Riccardo Bertolo, Pierluigi Bove, Eleonora Candi, Marcello Chiocchi, Chiara Cipriani, Nicola Di Daniele, Carlo Ganini, Hartmut Juhl, Alessandro Mauriello, Carla Marani, John Marshall, Manuela Montanaro, Giampiero Palmieri, Mauro Piacentini, Giuseppe Sica…
    Citation: Biology Direct 2020 15:18
    Content type: Review Published on:

  49. The transamidase complex is a molecular machine in the endoplasmic reticulum of eukaryotes that attaches a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) lipid anchor to substrate proteins after cleaving a C-terminal prop...

    Authors: Chinh Tran-To Su, Swati Sinha, Birgit Eisenhaber and Frank Eisenhaber
    Citation: Biology Direct 2020 15:14
    Content type: Research Published on:

  50. AMDock (Assisted Molecular Docking) is a user-friendly graphical tool to assist in the docking of protein-ligand complexes using Autodock Vina and AutoDock4, including the option of using the Autodock4Zn force...

    Authors: Mario S. Valdés-Tresanco, Mario E. Valdés-Tresanco, Pedro A. Valiente and Ernesto Moreno
    Citation: Biology Direct 2020 15:12
    Content type: Application note Published on:
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