Editors-in-Chief
Eugene Koonin, NCBI, NLM, NIH, USA
David Lipman, NCBI, NLM, NIH, USA

Section Editors
Bioinformatics
Frank Eisenhaber, Bioinformatic Institute, Singapore
Sandor Pongor, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Italy

Cell Biology
Luca Pellegrini, Université Laval, Canada

Evolutionary Biology
Fyodor Kondrashov, Center for Genomic Regulation, Spain
Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France

Genomics
Tal Dagan, Kiel University, Germany
Martijn Huynen, Nijmegen, Netherlands

Mathematical Biology
Marek Kimmel, Rice University, USA

Non-coding DNA and RNA
Isidore Rigoutsos, Thomas Jefferson University, USA

Structural and Molecular Biology
Nick Grishin, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, USA
Jeffrey Skolnick, Buffalo Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics, USA

Systems Biology
Martin Lercher, Heinrich-Heine University, Germany
Itai Yanai, New York University School of Medicine, USA

Discovery notes Editor
L Aravind, NCBI, USA

Editorial Board
Bioinformatics
Orly Alter, University of Utah, USA
Vivek Anantharaman, NCBI, NLM, NIH, USA
Miguel A Andrade-Navarro, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany
L Aravind, NCBI, USA
Masanori Arita, The University of Tokyo, Japan
Igor Berezovsky, Bioinformatics Institute, Singapore
Philippe Broet, INSERM, France
Oliviero Carugo, University of Vienna, Austria
Miklos Csuros, Université de Montréal, Canada
Thomas Dandekar, Department of Bioinformatics, University of Wuerzburg, Germany
Sandrine Dudoit, University of California, USA
Roman G Efremov, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
Frank Eisenhaber, Bioinformatic Institute, Singapore
Arne Elofsson, Stockholm University, Dominica
Rob Finn, HHMI Janelia Farm research Campus, USA
Dmitrij Frishman, Technische Universität München, Germany
Mikhail Gelfand, Russian Academy of Science, Russia
Michael Gromiha, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
Ivo Grosse, Martin Luther University, Germany
Yuriy Gusev, Georgetown University Medical Center, USA
Zoltán Gáspári, Pazmany University, Budapest
Daniel Haft, JCVI, USA
Leonid G Hanin, Idaho State Univesrsity, USA
Jaap Heringa, Centre for Integrative Bioinformatics, Amsterdam
Hanspeter Herzel, ITB, Germany
Gavin Huttley, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australia
Lakshminarayan Iyer, NIH ,USA
I. King Jordan, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
Christina Kendziorski, UW-Madison, USA
Byung-Soo Kim, Yonsei University, South Korea
Rob D Knight, CU Boulder, USA
Patrice Koehl, Stanford University, USA
David P Kreil, Boku University, Austria
Doron Lancet, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel
Sanghyuk Lee, Ewha Womans University, South Korea
Andrew MacPherson, McMaster University Medical Centre, Canada
Mallur Madhusudhan, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, India
Manja Marz, University of Jena, Germany
Sebastian Maurer-Stroh, Bioinformatics Institute (BII), A*STAR, Singapore
Robert Murphy, Carnegie Mellon University, USA
Niranjan Nagarajan, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
Anton Nekrutenko, Penn State University, USA
Anthony Papenfuss, The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Australia
Sandor Pongor, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and biotechnology (ICGEB), Italy
Vladimir Poroikov, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry of Rus. Acad. Med. Sci, Russia
Gajendra Raghava, Institute of Microbial Technology, India
Andrey Rzhetsky, University of Chicago, USA
Steven Salzberg, Johns Hopkins University, USA
Chris Sander, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, USA
Michael Schatz, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, USA
Michael G. Schimek, Medical University of Graz, Austria
Alexander Schleiffer, Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Austria
Christian Schönbach, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Japan
Jeremy Selengut, University of Maryland, USA
István Simon, Institute of Enzymology, Hungary
Neil R Smalheiser, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
Ramanathan Sowdhamini, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, India
Narayanaswamy Srinivasan, Indian Institute of Science, India
Shamil R Sunyaev, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA
Eors Szathmary, Parmenides Foundation, Germany
Zlatko Trajanoski, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria
Olga Troyanskaya, Princeton University, USA
Mark J van der Laan, University of California at Berkeley, USA
Chandra Verma, Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, Singapore
Arndt von Haeseler, Max F Perutz Laboratories, Austria
Christine Wells, University of Queensland, Australia
Limsoon Wong, NUS, Singapore
Wing Hung Wong, Stanford University, USA
Jun Yu, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Weichuan Yu, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
Zhang Zhang, BIG CAS, China
Igor Zhulin, University of Tennessee, USA
Piotr Zielenkiewicz, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS, Poland

Cell Biology
Nicola Aceto, University of Basel, Switzerland
Adam Benham, Durham University, UK
Elisa Cimetta, University of Padua, Italy
Luciano D’Adamio, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY, USA
Lars Ellgaard, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Rafael Fernández-Chacón, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Spain 
William Festuccia, University of São Paulo, Brazil
Michael Hendzel, University of Alberta, Canada
Rashmi Kothari, University of Ottawa, Canada
Mathieu Laplante, Universitè Laval, Canada
Konstantinos Lefkimmiatis, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Italy
Patrick Lewis, University of Reading, UK
Scot Leary, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
Jean-Yves Masson, Universitè Laval, Canada
Darren J Moore, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, USA
Minh Dang Nguyen, University of Calgary, Canada
Luca Pellegrini, Université Laval, Canada
Paola Pizzo, University of Padua, Italy
Xavier Roucou, Sherbrooke University, Canada
Mike Ryan, Monash University, Australia
Leonardo Salviati, University of Padua, Italy
Luca Scorrano, University of Padua, Italy
Thomas Simmen, University of Alberta, Canada
Ruth Slack, University of Ottawa, Canada
Maria-Eugenia Soriano, University of Padua, Italy
Gyorgy Szabadkai, University College London, UK 
Nektarios Tavernarakis, University of Crete, Greece
Christine Vande Velde, University of Montreal, Canada
Konstanze F Winklhofer, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
Elena Ziviani, University of Padua, Italy

Evolutionary Biology
Vivek Anantharaman, NCBI, NLM, NIH, USA
L Aravind, NCBI, USA
David Ardell, UC Merced, Sweden
Eric Bapteste, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, France
Anne Cooke, Pathology Department, University of Cambridge, UK
Etienne GJ Danchin, INRA Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, France
Valerian Dolja, Oregon State University, USA
W Ford Doolittle, Dalhousie University, Canada
Hans Ellegren, Uppsala University, Sweden
Patrick Forterre, University Paris XI, France
George Fox, University of Houston, USA
Toni Gabaldon, Centre for Genomics Regulation (CRG), Spain
Nicolas Galtier, CNRS - Université Montpellier 2, France
Mikhail Gelfand, Russian Academy of Science, Russia
J Peter Gogarten, University of Connecticut, USA
Uri Gophna, Tel Aviv University, Israel
Dan Graur, University of Houston, USA
Neil Greenspan, Case Western Reserve University, USA
Greg Hurst, University of Liverpool, UK
Lakshminarayan Iyer, NIH, USA
Peter Jagers, Chalmers University of Technology & University of Gothenburg, Sweden 
Etienne Joly, CNRS, France
Gáspár Jékely, Max Planck Society, Germany
Junhyong Kim, University of Pennsylvania, USA
Rob D Knight, CU Boulder, USA
Alexey Kondrashov, University of Michigan, USA
Fyodor Kondrashov, Center for Genomic Regulation, Spain
Eugene Koonin, NCBI, NLM, NIH, USA
Mart Krupovic, Institut Pasteur, France
Yang Kuang, Arizona State University, USA
Nick Lane, University College London, UK
Manyuan Long, University of Chicago, USA
Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France
Craig MacLean, University of Oxford, UK
William Martin, University of Duesseldorf, Germany
Sergei Maslov, Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA
James McInerney, NUI Maynooth, Ireland 
Armen Mulkidjanian, University of Osnabrück, Germany
Csaba Pal, Biological Research Center, Hungary
Yitzhak Pilpel, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel
Mircea Podar, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA
Pierre Pontarotti, Universite d'Aix Marseille, France
Anthony Poole, Stockholm University, Sweden
David Posada, University of Vigo, Spain
Igor B Rogozin, NIH ,USA
Christian Roos, German Primate Center, Germany
Janet Siefert, Rice University, USA
Berend Snel, Utrecht University, Netherlands
Kenneth Stedman, Portland State University, USA
Eors Szathmary, Parmenides Foundation, Germany
Olivier Tenaillon, INSERM, France
Erik van Nimwegen, Universtity of Basel, Switzerland
Dennis Vitkup, Columbia University, USA
Yuri Wolf, NCBI, NLM, NIH, USA
Soojin Yi, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
Jianzhi Zhang, University of Michigan, USA
Igor Zhulin, University of Tennessee, USA

Genomics
Vivek Anantharaman, NCBI, NLM, NIH, USA
L Aravind, NCBI, USA
Jurg Bahler, University College London, UK
Stephan Beck, University College London, UK
Oded Beja, Technion, Israel
Mikhail Blagosklonny, NYMC, USA
Tal Dagan, Kiel University, Germany
Etienne GJ Danchin, INRA, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, France
Robson Francisco De Souza, National Institutes of Health, USA
Charles DeLisi, Boston University USA
Bart Deplancke, EPFL Switzerland
Valerian Dolja, Oregon State University, USA
Michael B Eisen, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, USA
Eran Elhaik, University of Sheffield, UK 
George Fox, University of Houston, USA
Toni Gabaldon, Centre for Genomics Regulation (CRG), Spain
Michael Galperin, NCBI, NLM, NIH, USA
Mark Gerstein, Yale University, USA
Uri Gophna, Tel Aviv University, Israel
Michael Gray, Dalhousie University, Canada
Yuriy Gusev, Georgetown University Medical Center, USA
Daniel Haft, JCVI, USA
Leonid G Hanin, Idaho State Univesrsity, USA
Laurence D Hurst, University of Bath, UK
Martijn Huynen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
Lakshminarayan Iyer, NIH, USA
I. King Jordan, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
Christina Kendziorski, UW-Madison, USA
Lev Klebanov, Charles University, Czech Republic
Rob D Knight, CU Boulder, USA
Vladimir Kuznetsov, Matrix, Singapore
Christopher J Lee, University of California, USA
Michael Lenardo, NIH, USA
Kateryna Makova, Pennsylvania State University, USA
Jose Pereira-Leal, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Portugal
Mircea Podar, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA
Tal Pupko, Tel Aviv University, Israel
Andrey Rzhetsky, University of Chicago, USA
Steven Salzberg, Johns Hopkins University, USA
Harry Schroeder, University of Alabama, USA
Christian Schönbach, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Japan
Aswin Seshasayee, National Centre for Biological Sciences, India
Harinder Singh, University of Chicago, USA
Berend Snel, Utrecht University, Netherlands
Ramanathan Sowdhamini, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, India
Kenneth Stedman, Portland State University, USA
Shamil R Sunyaev, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA
Thiago Motta Venancio, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Brazil
Marc Vidal, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute & Harvard University, USA
Dennis Vitkup, Columbia University, USA
Lutz Walter, German Primate Center, Germany
Christine Wells, University of Queensland, Australia
Yuri Wolf, NCBI, NLM, NIH, USA
Soojin Yi, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
Igor Zhulin, University of Tennessee, USA

Mathematical Biology
Anthony Almudevar, University of Rochester, USA
Orly Alter, University of Utah, USA
Kenneth Boucher, Huntsman Cancer Institute, USA
Chao Chen, Environmental Protection Agency, USA
Daniel Coombs, UBC, Canada
Rob J de Boer, Utrecht University, Netherlands
Lutz Edler, German Cancer Research Center, Germany
James R. Faeder, Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA
Michael Gilchrist, University of Tennessee, USA
Peter Glynn, Stanford University, USA
Alexander Gordon, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA
Yuriy Gusev, Georgetown University Medical Center, USA
Philip Hahnfeldt, Tufts University School of Medicine, USA
Leonid G Hanin, Idaho State Univesrsity, USA
William Hlavacek, Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA
Ollivier Hyrien, University of Rochester, USA
Peter Jagers, Chalmers University of Technology & University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Jeanne Kowalski, Johns Hopkins University, USA
Yang Kuang, Arizona State University, USA
Vladimir Kuznetsov, Matri,x Singapore
Ha Youn Lee, University of Rochester Medical Center, USA
Tomasz Lipniacki, Rice University, USA
Georg Luebeck, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, USA
Anna Marciniak-Czochra, University of Heidelberg, Germany
Marianthi Markatou, Cornell University and IBM TJ Watson Research Center, USA
Peter Olofsson, Trinity University, USA
Dennis Pearl, Ohio State University, USA
Tomas Radivoyevitch, Case Western Reserve University, USA
Ruy M Ribeiro, Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA
Rainer Sachs, University of California, USA
Aniko Szabo, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA
Wai-Yuan, Tan University of Memphis, USA
Nikolay Yanev, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria
Marco Zaider, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, USA 

Non-coding DNA and RNA
Ashish Lal, NIH, USA
Joanne Barnes, Weidhaas Yale University, USA
Panayiotis (Takis) Benos, University of Pittsburgh, USA
Eugene Berezikov, University of Groningen, Netherlands
George Calin, MD Anderson Cancer Center, USA
Rob Finn, HHMI, Janelia Farm research Campus, USA
Alistair Forrest, Omics Science Center, Japan
Joannes Hoek, Thomas Jefferson University, USA
Aimee Jackson, Miragen Therapeutics, USA
Igor Jurisica, University of Toronto, Canada
Alexander Kel, Genexplain, Germany
Junhyong Kim, University of Pennsylvania, USA
Yohei Kirino, Cedars Sinai Los Angeles, USA
Erez Levanon, Bar-Ilan University, Israel
Kevin Morris, The Scripps Research Institute, USA
Zissimos Mourelatos, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, USA
Pier Paolo Pandolfi, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, USA
Isidore Rigoutsos, Thomas Jefferson University, USA
Haruhiko Siomi, Keio University School of Medicine, Japan
Mikiko C Siomi, The University of Tokyo, Japan
Neil R Smalheiser, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
Nektarios Tavernarakis, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Greece
Prof Andrei Thomas-Tikhonenko, University of Pennsylvania, USA
Wyeth Wasserman, University of British Columbia, Canada
Weixiong Zhang, Washington University, USA

Structural and Molecular Biology
Vivek Anantharaman, NCBI, NLM, NIH, USA
L Aravind, NCBI, USA
M Madan Babu, LMB, UK
Janusz Bujnicki, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Poland
Mensur Dlakic, Montana State University, USA
Roman G Efremov, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
Ron Elber, Cornell University, USA
Michael Galperin, NCBI, NLM, NIH, USA
Mark Gerstein, Yale University, USA
Nick Grishin, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, USA
Michael Gromiha, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
Wayne Hancock, University of Pennsylvania, USA
Noah Isakov, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
Lakshminarayan Iyer, NIH, USA
Eugene Koonin, NCBI, NLM, NIH, USA
Michael Lenardo, NIH, USA
Olivier Lichtarge, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
Mallur Madhusudhan, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, India
Kira S Makarova, NLM, NIH, USA
Sergei Maslov, Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA
Cornelis Melief, Leiden University Medical Center, Netherlands
Leonid A Mirny, MIT, USA
Sita R Naik, Devi Ahilya University, India
Chris Norbury, Milton S Hershey Medical Center, USA
Christine Orengo, University College London, UK
Andrei Osterman, Burnham Institute, USA
Chaim Putterman, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, USA
Kanury Rao, ICGEB, India
Benedita Rocha, INSERM, Institut Necker Enfants-Malades, France
Sergio Romagnani, University of Florence, Italy
Takashi Saito, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Japan
Marika Sarfati, Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Hopital Notre-Dame, Canada
David Scott, Univ Maryland SOM, USA
Eugene I Shakhnovich, Harvard University, USA
Hao Shen, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, USA
Ethan Shevach, NIAID, NIH, USA
Akira Shibuya, University of Tsukuba, Japan
Mark Shlomchik, Yale University School of Medicine, USA
George V (Yura) Shpakovski, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
Shyh-Dar Shyur, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
Robert Siliciano, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA
Bhagirath Singh, University of Western Ontario, Canada
Jeffrey Skolnick, Buffalo Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics, USA
Werner Solbach, University Lübeck, Germany
Ramanathan Sowdhamini, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, India
Narayanaswamy Srinivasan, Indian Institute of Science, India
Srikrishna Subramanian, Institute of Microbial Technology, India
Manabu Sugai, Kyoto University, Japan
Man-Sun Sy Case, Western Reserve University, USA
Kiyoshi Takatsu, The University of Tokyo, Japan
Kiyoshi Takeda, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan
Dave Thirumalai ,University of Maryland, USA
Chandra Verma, Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, Singapore
Eric Vivier, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), France
Harald von Boehmer, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, USA
Matthias von Herrath, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, USA
Ned S Wingreen, Princeton University
Dieter Wolf Sanford-Burnham, Medical Research Institute, USA
David Woodland, Trudeau Institute, USA
Bojan Zagrovic, Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences, Croatia
Juan Carlos Zuniga- Pflucker, University of Toronto, Canada

Systems Biology
Anthony Almudevar, University of Rochester, USA
Orly Alter, University of Utah, USA
Ido Amit, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel
Vivek Anantharaman, NCBI, NLM, NIH, USA
Masanori Arita, The University of Tokyo, Japan
Kenneth Boucher, Huntsman Cancer Institute, USA
Chao Chen, Environmental Protection Agency, USA
Bob Clarke, Lombardi Conmprehensive Cancer Ctr, Georgetown University, USA
Daniel Coombs, UBC, Canada
Rob J de Boer, Utrecht University, Netherlands
Bart Deplancke, EPFL, Switzerland
Lutz Edler, German Cancer Research Center, Germany
Michael Gilchrist, University of Tennessee, USA
Peter Glynn, Stanford University, USA
Alexander Gordon, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA
Yuriy Gusev, Georgetown University Medical Center, USA
Philip Hahnfeldt, Tufts University School of Medicine, USA
Leonid G Hanin, Idaho State Univesrsity, USA
William Hlavacek, Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA
Ollivier Hyrien, University of Rochester, USA
Peter Jagers, Chalmers University of Technology & University of Gothenburg, Sweden 
Daniel Kahn, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France
Simon Kasif,  Boston University, USA
Junhyong Kim, University of Pennsylvania, USA
Markus Kollmann, Heinrich-Heine-University, Germany
Jeanne Kowalski, Johns Hopkins University, USA
Yang Kuang, Arizona State University, USA
Vladimir Kuznetsov, Matrix, Singapore
Ha Youn Lee, University of Rochester Medical Center, USA
Martin Lercher, Heinrich-Heine University, Germany
Tomasz Lipniacki, Rice University, USA
Alexander Lobkovsky NCBI, NLM, NIH, USA
Manyuan Long, University of Chicago, USA
Georg Luebeck, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, USA
Anna Marciniak-Czochra, University of Heidelberg, Germany
Sergei Maslov, Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA
Robert Murphy, Carnegie Mellon University, USA
Peter Olofsson, Trinity University, USA
Dennis Pearl, Ohio State University, USA
Luca Pellegrini, Universite' Laval, Canada
Mircea Podar, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA
Tomas Radivoyevitch, Case Western Reserve University, USA
Mark Ragan, University of Queensland, Australia
Ruy M Ribeiro, Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA
Benedita Rocha, INSERM, Institut Necker Enfants-Malades, France
Andrey Rzhetsky, University of Chicago, USA
Rainer Sachs, University of California, USA
Shai Shen-Orr, Technicon, Israel
Tomer Shlomi, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Israel
Ricard Sole, ICREA - Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Spain
Aniko Szabo, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA
Wai-Yuan Tan, University of Memphis, USA
Sarah Teichmann, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, UK
Fabian J Theis, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany
Erik van Nimwegen, Universtity of Basel, Switzerland
Thiago Motta Venancio, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Brazil
Marc Vidal, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute & Harvard University, USA
Dennis Vitkup, Columbia University, USA
Christine Wells, University of Queensland, Australia
Dieter Wolf, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, USA
Itai Yanai, New York University School of Medicine, USA
Nikolay Yanev, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria
Soojin Yi, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
Marco Zaider, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, USA
Piotr Zielenkiewicz, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS, Poland