Fig. 1

Expression variation of catenin molecules. A The waterfall plot shows somatic mutations in the 10 catenins with the highest mutation frequency in the pan-cancer analysis. 95.62% is the percentage of 1575 cancer samples with 1506 mutations in at least 10 genes. The percentage plot (right side of the figure) is the number of samples with the corresponding gene mutation divided by 1575 samples with at least one mutation among the 10 catenins coding genes. B The color of these dots represents the degree of variance. Red dots represent high expression in cancerous tissues, blue dots represent the opposite. Fold change equals mean (tumor)/mean (normal), a t-test was used, and p values were False-discovery rate (FDR) corrected. The size of the bubble indicates the FDR. The larger the bubble, the lower the FDR. Genes with fold change (Fold change > 2) and significance (FDR > 0.05) were retained to generate plots. If there are no significant genes in a cancer type, omit that cancer type from the final graph. C The heatmap shows the correlation between the expression levels of 10 catenins and important cancer-related signaling pathways. The percentage of cancers in which each catenin-encoding gene has an effect on this pathway is shown for each of the 32 cancer types: (number of activated or repressed cancer types/total number*100%). Catenin-encoding genes that are functional (inhibited or activated) in at least 5 cancer types are shown. “Pathway activation” (red) indicates the percentage of cancers in which a pathway may be activated by a given gene, and inhibition is shown in a similar way as “pathway inhibition” (blue). D The bubble plots show the correlation between Copy number variation (CNV) and mRNA expression levels. Red color indicates positive correlation and blue color indicates negative correlation. Darker colors indicate larger correlation coefficients. The size of the bubbles represents the FDR. E The bubble plot shows the correlation between methylation of 10 catenin molecules and mRNA expression. Red color indicates positive correlation and blue color indicates negative correlation. Darker colors indicate larger correlation coefficients. The size of the bubbles represents FDR. F Hierarchical clustering dendrogram showing the Euclidean distance between genes calculated using the “dist” function. The 2 major clusters identified are indicated by green and pink boxes, respectively. G The forest plot shows the results of Cox regression analysis of overall survival (OS) for 10 catenin molecules in the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)- Skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) cohort. H mRNA level of catenin coding genes between cancer tissues in the TCGA-SKCM cohort (n = 469) and control tissues (n = 812). Normal tissues in both the TCGA and GTEx databases were included as negative controls. ***P < 0.001 I Mutation frequency of 10 catenin molecules in 104 cutaneous melanoma patients in the TCGA-SKCM cohort. J Mutational characterization of 10 catenin molecules in 104 patients with cutaneous melanoma in the TCGA-SKCM cohort; green indicates co-mutations and asterisks indicate P values (P < 0.05, *P < 0.01). K Cells were clustered into 6 types via Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) plot dimensionality reduction algorithm. Different cell types are represented by different colors. L–M UMAP (L) and Violin (M) plots visualization of the catenin feature (obtained based on the “AddModuleScore” function in “Seurat” package)