Fig. 3

Aripiprazole, brexpiprazole and cariprazine are toxic to primary neonatal mouse neurons. A Representative image of a sagittal section from an embryonic mouse brain (e13.5) stained with an anti-tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) antibody to highlight dopaminergic neurons (white arrow). Dashed yellow boxes represent the ventral midbrain and forebrain areas used to prepare neurons. B Representative confocal images of ventral midbrain and forebrain neurons (e13.5) maintained for 7 days and stained with Hoechst (blue) and an antibody to β3 tubulin (green). C Normalised cellular ATP measurements from mouse embryonic (e13.5) ventral midbrain and forebrain neurons. Neurons cultured for 7 days were exposed to aripiprazole, brexpiprazole, cariprazine or piericidin A (5 μM for 18 h) (mean ± SEM from 5 independent experiments, asterisks, one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparison test, normalised to control). D Normalised basal and maximal OCR measurements from mouse ventral midbrain and forebrain neurons (e13.5) grown for 7 days and treated with aripiprazole, brexpiprazole, cariprazine or piericidin A (5 μM for 4 h) (corresponds to Additional file 1: Fig. S5B) (mean ± SEM from 5 independent experiments, asterisks, one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparison test, normalised to control)