Fig. 8

Evolved changes to interactions are Hebbian in more complex population conditions. Change in interactions between the first 16 species are shown under evolution in a changing environment. Rate of adaptation is controlled by our equation (top row), that from Weissman & Barton [79] (middle row) and Neher et al. [78] (bottom row). a-c the change in interactions due to direct selection effects (see Fig. 4 main text). d When normalising ecological constraints are taken into account, some interactions are decreased, some left unchanged, and others are increased. The resulting direction of change is the same in all three cases and identical to Hebbian changes (Fig. 4 e. main text). (k _ie =10,m _i =0.5,g=0.1,μ=1.0×10⁻⁵,α=3.5. For case ii, the map length, R=1. For case iii, the out-crossing rate, r=0.01). For visualisation, the magnitude of changes in (d) are multiplied by 5