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  1. Transcriptome data from the gene knockout experiment in mouse is widely used to investigate functions of genes and relationship to phenotypes. When a gene is knocked out, it is important to identify which gene...

    Authors: Benjamin Hur, Sangsoo Lim, Heejoon Chae, Seokjun Seo, Sunwon Lee, Jaewoo Kang and Sun Kim
    Citation: Biology Direct 2016 11:57
  2. Accurate estimation of the isoelectric point (pI) based on the amino acid sequence is useful for many analytical biochemistry and proteomics techniques such as 2-D polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, or capillary...

    Authors: Lukasz P. Kozlowski
    Citation: Biology Direct 2016 11:55
  3. The Tim17 family of proteins plays a fundamental role in the biogenesis of mitochondria. Three Tim17 family proteins, Tim17, Tim22, and Tim23, are the central components of the widely conserved multi-subunit p...

    Authors: Vojtěch Žárský and Pavel Doležal
    Citation: Biology Direct 2016 11:54
  4. Evolutionary game theory (EGT) has been widely used to simulate tumour processes. In almost all studies on EGT models analysis is limited to two or three phenotypes. Our model contains four main phenotypes. Mo...

    Authors: Andrzej Świerniak and Michał Krześlak
    Citation: Biology Direct 2016 11:53
  5. Gene covariation networks are commonly used to study biological processes. The inference of gene covariation networks from observational data can be challenging, especially considering the large number of play...

    Authors: Anatoly Yambartsev, Michael A. Perlin, Yevgeniy Kovchegov, Natalia Shulzhenko, Karina L. Mine, Xiaoxi Dong and Andrey Morgun
    Citation: Biology Direct 2016 11:52
  6. Leukemias are malignant proliferative disorders of the blood forming system. Sequencing studies demonstrate that the leukemic cell population consists of multiple clones. The genetic relationship between the d...

    Authors: Thomas Stiehl, Christoph Lutz and Anna Marciniak-Czochra
    Citation: Biology Direct 2016 11:51
  7. It has been demonstrated that a pathway-based feature selection method that incorporates biological information within pathways during the process of feature selection usually outperforms a gene-based feature ...

    Authors: Suyan Tian, Howard H. Chang and Chi Wang
    Citation: Biology Direct 2016 11:50
  8. Although biology has achieved great successes in recent years, we have not got a clear idea on “what is life?” Actually, as explained here, the main reason for this situation is that there are two completely d...

    Authors: Wentao Ma
    Citation: Biology Direct 2016 11:49
  9. Recent analyses of next-generation sequencing datasets have shown that cell-specific regulatory elements in stem cells are marked with distinguishable patterns of transcription factor (TF) binding and epigenet...

    Authors: Esra Kurum, Bérénice A. Benayoun, Ankit Malhotra, Joshy George and Duygu Ucar
    Citation: Biology Direct 2016 11:47
  10. Cpf1 nucleases have recently been repurposed for site-specific genome modification. Two members of the Cpf1 family, the AsCpf1 from Acidaminococcus sp. and the LbCpf1 from Lachnospiraceae bacterium were shown to ...

    Authors: Eszter Tóth, Nóra Weinhardt, Petra Bencsura, Krisztina Huszár, Péter I. Kulcsár, András Tálas, Elfrieda Fodor and Ervin Welker
    Citation: Biology Direct 2016 11:46
  11. Species-rich adaptive radiations arising from rare plant and animal colonizers are common on remote volcanic archipelagoes. However, they present a paradox. The severe genetic bottleneck of founder events and ...

    Authors: Elysse M. Craddock
    Citation: Biology Direct 2016 11:44
  12. A thorough understanding of the ecological and evolutionary mechanisms that drive the phenotypic evolution of neoplastic cells is a timely and key challenge for the cancer research community. In this respect, ...

    Authors: Tommaso Lorenzi, Rebecca H. Chisholm and Jean Clairambault
    Citation: Biology Direct 2016 11:43
  13. Colon and intestinal crypts serve as an important model system for adult stem cell proliferation and differentiation. We develop a spatial stochastic model to study the rate of somatic evolution in a normal cr...

    Authors: Leili Shahriyari, Natalia L. Komarova and Alexandra Jilkine
    Citation: Biology Direct 2016 11:42
  14. For a long time biologists and linguists have been noticing surprising similarities between the evolution of life forms and languages. Most of the proposed analogies have been rejected. Some, however, have per...

    Authors: Johann-Mattis List, Jananan Sylvestre Pathmanathan, Philippe Lopez and Eric Bapteste
    Citation: Biology Direct 2016 11:39
  15. The PVC super-phylum gathers bacteria from seven phyla (Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobiae, Chlamydiae, Lentisphaera, Poribacteria, OP3, WWE2) presenting different lifestyles, cell plans and environments. Planctomy...

    Authors: Sandrine Pinos, Pierre Pontarotti, Didier Raoult, Jean Pierre Baudoin and Isabelle Pagnier
    Citation: Biology Direct 2016 11:38
  16. Retroposition, one of the processes of copying the genetic material, is an important RNA-mediated mechanism leading to the emergence of new genes. Because the transcription controlling segments are usually not...

    Authors: Marcin Jąkalski, Kazutaka Takeshita, Mathieu Deblieck, Kanako O. Koyanagi, Izabela Makałowska, Hidemi Watanabe and Wojciech Makałowski
    Citation: Biology Direct 2016 11:35
  17. Eukaryogenesis, a major transition in evolution of life, originated from the symbiogenic fusion of an archaea with a metabolically versatile bacterium. By general consensus, the latter organism belonged to α p...

    Authors: Mauro Degli Esposti, Diego Cortez, Luis Lozano, Simon Rasmussen, Henrik Bjørn Nielsen and Esperanza Martinez Romero
    Citation: Biology Direct 2016 11:34
  18. While commonly assumed in the biochemistry community that the control of metabolic pathways is thought to be critical to cellular function, it is unclear if metabolic pathways generally have evolutionarily sta...

    Authors: Alena Orlenko, Ashley I. Teufel, Peter B. Chi and David A. Liberles
    Citation: Biology Direct 2016 11:31
  19. Histone lysine methyltransferases (HKMTs), catalyze mono-, di- and trimethylation of lysine residues, resulting in a regulatory pattern that controls gene expression. Their involvement in many different cellul...

    Authors: Tamas Lazar, Eva Schad, Beata Szabo, Tamas Horvath, Attila Meszaros, Peter Tompa and Agnes Tantos
    Citation: Biology Direct 2016 11:30
  20. Evolutionary relationship between class III nucleotide cyclases and an uncharacterized set of bacterial proteins from Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria has been recognized and analyzed. Detailed...

    Authors: Gayatri Ramakrishnan, Abha Jain, Nagasuma Chandra and Narayanaswamy Srinivasan
    Citation: Biology Direct 2016 11:27
  21. Viruses are the simplest replicating units, characterized by a limited number of coding genes and an exceptionally high rate of overlapping genes. We sought a unified evolutionary explanation that accounts for...

    Authors: Nadav Brandes and Michal Linial
    Citation: Biology Direct 2016 11:26
  22. Viral capsid assembly involves the oligomerization of the capsid nucleoprotein (NP), which is an essential step in viral replication and may represent a potential antiviral target. An in vitro transcription-tr...

    Authors: Sean Broce, Lisa Hensley, Tomoharu Sato, Joshua Lehrer-Graiwer, Christian Essrich, Katie J. Edwards, Jacqueline Pajda, Christopher J. Davis, Rami Bhadresh, Clarence R. Hurt, Beverly Freeman, Vishwanath R. Lingappa, Colm A. Kelleher and Marcela V. Karpuj
    Citation: Biology Direct 2016 11:25
  23. Recent advances in sequencing technologies enable the large-scale identification of genes that are affected by various genetic alterations in cancer. However, understanding tumor development requires insights ...

    Authors: Bálint Mészáros, András Zeke, Attila Reményi, István Simon and Zsuzsanna Dosztányi
    Citation: Biology Direct 2016 11:23
  24. The family of D cyclins has a fundamental role in cell cycle progression, but its members (D1, D2, D3) are believed to have redundant functions. However, there is some evidence that contradicts the notion of m...

    Authors: Miguel Chaves-Ferreira, Gerald Krenn, Florence Vasseur, Aleksandr Barinov, Pedro Gonçalves, Orly Azogui, Ana Cumano, Zhi Li, Sandra Pellegrini, Benedita Rocha and Diego Laderach
    Citation: Biology Direct 2016 11:21
  25. Short leader genes usually do not encode stable proteins, although their importance in expression control of bacterial genomes is widely accepted. Such genes are often involved in the control of attenuation re...

    Authors: Semen A. Korolev, Oleg A. Zverkov, Alexandr V. Seliverstov and Vassily A. Lyubetsky
    Citation: Biology Direct 2016 11:20
  26. In the recent years, sequence-specific nucleases such as ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9 have revolutionzed the fields of animal genome editing and transgenesis. However, these new techniques require microinject...

    Authors: Masahiro Sato, Masato Ohtsuka, Satoshi Watanabe and Channabasavaiah B. Gurumurthy
    Citation: Biology Direct 2016 11:16
  27. The discovery of the viroid in 1971, which initiated the third major expansion of the biosphere towards smaller living entities—after discovery of the “subvisual” microorganisms in 1675 and that of the “submic...

    Authors: Theodor O. Diener
    Citation: Biology Direct 2016 11:15
  28. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a neuroendocrine system that regulates numerous physiological processes. Disruptions in the activity of the HPA axis are correlated with stress-related diseases...

    Authors: Lae U. Kim, Maria R. D’Orsogna and Tom Chou
    Citation: Biology Direct 2016 11:13
  29. Antiangiogenic agents have been recently added to the oncological armamentarium with bevacizumab probably being the most popular representative in current clinical practice. The elucidation of the mode of acti...

    Authors: Katerina D. Argyri, Dimitra D. Dionysiou, Fay D. Misichroni and Georgios S. Stamatakos
    Citation: Biology Direct 2016 11:12
  30. CpG dinucleotides are extensively underrepresented in mammalian genomes. It is widely accepted that genome-wide CpG depletion is predominantly caused by an elevated CpG > TpG mutation rate due to frequent cyto...

    Authors: Alexander Y. Panchin, Vsevolod J. Makeev and Yulia A. Medvedeva
    Citation: Biology Direct 2016 11:11

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