Table 2 LncRNAs involved in breast cancer metabolism and their mechanisms of action

lncRNAs affecting GLUCOSE metabolism

BCAR4

Up

Nucleus

Oncogenic

Hippo pathway

Coordinates the Hedgehog signaling to enhance the transcription of glycolysis activators HK2 and PFKFB3

[99]

FGF13-AS1

Down

Cytoplasm

Tumor suppressor

IGF2BPs and Myc

Reduce the half-life of c-Myc (Myc) mRNA by binding IGF2BPs and disrupting the interaction between them

[141]

H19

Up

Cytoplasm

Oncogenic

Pyruvate dehydro genase kinase 1 (PDK1)

Acts as a competitive endogenous RNA for miRNA let-7 to release Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, leading to an increase in PDK1 expression

[71]

lincRNA-p21

Up

Cytoplasm

Oncogenic

HIF-1a

Inhibits the degradation of HIF-1α; activates GLUT1 and LDHA; promotes Warburg effect

[142]

LINK-A

Up

Cytoplasm

Oncogenic

HIF-1a

Prevents the degradation of HIF-1α; recruites LRRK2 to phosphorylate HIF-1α, which promotes Warburg effect

[100]

YIYA

Up

Cytoplasm

Oncogenic

PFKFB3

Promotes catalysis of glucose 6-phosphate to fructose-2,6-bisphosphate/fructose-1,6-bisphosphate via CDK6 phosphorylation

[105]

MEG3

Down

Cytoplasm

Tumor suppressor

PI3K/Akt/miR-21, HK2

Inactivates the PI3K/Akt pathway functioning as a ceRNA of miR-21

[88]

UCA1

Up

Nucleus

Oncogenic

HK2

Directs cell metabolism towards aerobic glycolysis through AKT and STAT3 activation

[143]

SNHG5

Up

Cytoplasm

Oncogenic

miR-299

Promotes the glycolysis of breast cancer cell through regulating BACH1 via targeting miR‑299

[144]

FGD5-AS1

Up

Cytoplasm

Oncogenic

miR-195-5p

Mediates breast cancer glycolysis by upregulating NUAK2 via sponging miR‑195‑5p

[145]

GHET1

Up

Oncogenic

HIF-1a and LATS1

Stabilizes the activity of the Hippo/YAP signaling pathway

[146]

HIFAL

Up

Cytoplasm

Oncogenic

hnRNPF

Induce translocation of PKM2/PHD3 complex to enhance HIF-1α transactivation

[132]

MIR210HG

Up

Cytoplasm

Oncogenic

HIF-1a

Potentiates HIF-1a translation via directly binding to its mRNA 5’-UTR

[57]

MAFG-AS1

Up

Cytoplasm

Oncogenic

miR-3196

Through the axis miR-3196/TFAP2A, MAFG-AS1 activates the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway

[147]

LINC00346

Up

Cytoplasm

Oncogenic

miR-148a/b

Increases breast cancer cell glycolysis by down-regulating miR-148a/b and inducing GLUT1 expression

[148]

lncRNAs affecting LIPID metabolism

NEAT1

Up

Cytoplasm

Oncogenic

miR-124

NEAT1 and STAT3 form a feedback loop via sponging miR-124 to promote BC progression

[118]

SRA

Up

[138]

LINK-A

Up

Oncogenic

AKT and PIP3

Facilitates AKT recruitment to PIP3 and enzymatic activation of AKT

[100]

Mitochondrial lncRNA

MTORT1

Down

Mitochondria

Tumor suppressor

miR- 26a-5p

Serves as sponge of miR-26a-5p to up-regulate its target genes, CREB1 and STK4

[139]

GAS5

Down

Mitochondria

Tumor suppressor

MDH2 and SIRT3

Modulates mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid flux by disrupting metabolic enzyme tandem association of fumarate hydratase, malate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase

[101]