From: Lifestyle-dependent microglial plasticity: training the brain guardians
Species | Brain region | Experimental paradigm | Microglial changes | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mice | Hippocampus, amygdala and hypothalamus | EE for 32 and 48Â weeks | EE reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, increased Iba1 expression, and induced microglial hypertrophy and increased ramification | [79] |
Mice | Hippocampus | EE for 7–8 weeks | EE prevents microgliosis induced by human β-amyloid oligomers, as evidenced by morphology, mRNA changes, and brain interstitial fluid cytokine levels | [81] |
Mice | Hippocampus and hypothalamus | EE for 6Â weeks | EE housing blocks pro-inflammatory cytokine gene induction and promotes arginase 1 mRNA expression in brain-sorted microglia, indicating that EE favours an anti-inflammatory activation state | [143] |
Mice | Hippocampus and neocortex | EE for 6Â weeks | EE in APP/PS1 mice amyloidosis model led to improved short-term memory, reduced microgliosis and increased microglial phagocytic activity | [83] |
Mice |  | EE for 4–6 weeks | EE acting through enhanced β-adrenergic signalling reduces microgliosis in response to direct exposure to β-amyloid | [82] |
Mice | Hippocampus | EE, PE, and EE + PE for 7 weeks | EE led to an increased microglial number at 5 and 10 months while PE and EE + PE increased microglial numbers only at 10 months | [78] |
Mice | Amygdala | EE or PE for 40Â days | EE Increased microglial proliferation | [144] |
Rat | Hippocampus | EE for 12 weeks | EE ameliorates cognitive comorbidities associated with type I diabetes mellitus, possibly by reducing hyperactivity in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and microglial reactivity in diabetic animals | [91] |
Mice | Hippocampus | EE for 87Â weeks | Long-term EE reduces microglia morphological diversity of the molecular layer of dentate gyrus | [88] |
Mice | Lateral septum | EE for 32Â weeks | Following dengue infection, EE led to a reduction of microglial morphological diversity | [145] |
Mice | Hippocampus, septum, olfactory bulb and brainstem | EE for 16Â weeks | EE alleviated microgliosis, promoted faster viral clearance, decreased viral dissemination, reduced disease progression, and decreased CNS damage in a model of limbic encephalitis | [90] |
Mice | Hippocampus | EE for 12Â weeks | EE attenuated microgliosis, damage to the extracellular matrix and promoted virus clearance in a model of viral encephalitis | [89] |
Mice | Striatum | EE for 7Â weeks | Glioma-bearing mice housed in EE have increased branching and patrolling activity microglia, besides increased phagocytic activity | [92] |
Pig | Frontal cortex | EE for 3Â weeks | EE piglets displayed a signature consistent with a relative decrease in microglial activity compared to those in the standard condition | [146] |