Phosphatidylserine (PS) Transfer: PS is made on the ER, but transferred to mitochondria for the production of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) [4, 84]
|
PS transfer occurs on a triple contact site between ER, OMM and IMM [25–27], requires ATP [90] and cytosolic Ca2+ [91].
|
PS transfer occurs at ER mitochondria contact sites [96], but does not require ATP [17, 97]. PS transfer is not obligatory, since Psd2p can replace mitochondrial PE production [98, 99].
|
Role of sterols on MAM
|
MAM has lipid raft characteristics and is marked with caveolin [116–122]. ORP5 and ORP8 form a protein bridge with mitochondrial PTPIP51 [130].
|
No raft characteristics known as of today [123].
|
Ca2+ handling at the MAM; mitochondria receive Ca2+ from the ER upon formation of a Ca2+ microdomain [155–163]
|
Mitochondria import Ca2+ via the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) [148–150]. Ca2+ is required for mitochondrial dehydrogenases [132] and respiration [133].
|
No MCU present [148–150]. Ca2+ is required for mitochondrial dehydrogenases [151]; increase of Ca2+ in the cytoplasm boosts mitochondrial respiration [194].
|
MAM Ca2+ signaling in apoptosis
|
Massive MAM Ca2+ transfer accelerates apoptosis [39, 192].
|
Ca2+ is released from the ER [193].
|
ER chaperones on the MAM
|
ER chaperones on the MAM control MAM Ca2+ transfer and cytosolic Ca2+ waves [180–188].
|
None detected.
|
Currently known MAM tethers or proteins regulating MAM tethering
|
PACS-2 [38, 40], mitofusin-2 [42–45], BAP31/Fis1 (ARCosome) [41], IP3R/VDAC/Grp75 [73], PTPIP51/VAPB [74–76] PERK [65, 66]
|
ERMES [18–20], EMC [34]
|
MAM and mitochondrial fission
|
Drp1 oligomerizes on MAM to mediate mitochondria fission [15]
|
Drp1 oligomerizes on MAM to mediate mitochondria fission [15]
|
MAM as point of origin for autophagy
|
MAM is material for isolation membrane [16]. Implicated MAM proteins are calnexin, Drp1, FUNDC1 [220], Rab32, syntaxin-17 [222, 223], PACS-2, mitofusin-2 [16]
|
ERMES mutants show no defect in Atg8p recruitment, but are defective in mitophagy and lipid supply for phagophore formation [22, 224]
|