A four-column theory for the origin of the genetic code: tracing the evolutionary pathways that gave rise to an optimized code

Table 5 Barriers (δΦ) for addition of amino acids positions predicted by the coevolution theory. ε = 0.05 in all cases.

Current code	b		b		b		c		c		d		d
Codons changed	AUN+ACN		CCN		UUY		CUN+UUR		AUY+AUA		UUY+UAY		UUR
Current amino acid	Asp		Glu		Ser		Val		Thr		Ser		Leu
New amino acid	Asn	-0.29	Gln	-0.48	Thr	-0.57	Leu	-1.41	Thr	0.00	Ser	0.00	Leu	0.00
	Asp	0.00	Lys	-0.23	Pro	-0.30	Ile	-0.98	Tyr	0.44	Thr	0.49	Ile	0.39
	Glu	0.71	Glu	0.00	Ser	0.00	Val	0.00	His	0.59	Ala	0.63	Phe	0.47
	Gln	1.08	Arg	0.21	Ala	0.23	Phe	1.79	Pro	0.62	Pro	0.78	Met	0.83
	Thr	1.65	Asn	0.25	Met	0.47	Met	2.94	Met	0.76	Asn	1.01	Val	0.89
	Ser	1.75	His	0.44	Leu	0.48	Cys	7.18	Gln	1.15	Met	1.21	Tyr	2.51
	Pro	1.79	Asp	1.25	Val	0.54	Tyr	8.96	Leu	1.28	Gln	1.26	Cys	2.58
	His	1.96	Pro	1.43	Cys	0.67	Trp	10.08	Phe	1.34	His	1.27	Trp	2.77
	Ala	2.80	Thr	1.52	His	0.70	Thr	10.13	Val	1.52	Cys	1.29	Thr	3.25
	Lys	3.00	Tyr	1.88	Asn	0.72	Pro	12.48	Asn	1.61	Leu	1.35	His	3.93
	Tyr	3.84	Ser	2.31	Ile	0.74	Ala	12.54	Ile	1.62	Val	1.44	Pro	3.95
	Arg	3.94	Met	3.14	Gln	0.74	His	13.26	Ser	1.66	Gly	1.56	Ala	4.13
	Met	4.00	Ala	3.41	Tyr	0.87	Gln	16.33	Ala	1.66	Ile	1.59	Gln	4.87
	Gly	4.27	Trp	3.77	Phe	0.94	Ser	16.44	Cys	1.70	Tyr	1.67	Ser	5.09
	Cys	4.51	Phe	4.16	Glu	1.56	Asn	18.36	Trp	1.85	Phe	1.69	Asn	5.55
	Leu	4.82	Leu	4.42	Asp	1.63	Arg	20.02	Arg	2.33	Asp	1.71	Arg	5.84
	Val	4.85	Cys	4.62	Gly	1.66	Glu	20.42	Glu	2.36	Glu	1.78	Glu	6.14
	Phe	5.19	Val	4.70	Lys	1.89	Lys	21.19	Lys	2.52	Lys	2.25	Lys	6.30
	Ile	5.36	Gly	4.92	Trp	1.89	Asp	22.31	Asp	2.81	Arg	2.47	Asp	6.77
	Trp	6.03	Ile	4.94	Arg	2.10	Gly	22.78	Gly	3.58	Trp	2.59	Gly	7.05

ISSN: 1745-6150