Figure 3

Periods of stasis and rapid fitness change in the evolution of H3N2 HA. Red intervals indicate stasis and green intervals indicate rapid change. Blue bars show the intervals of H1N1 dominance. The numbers to the left of the tree indicate the extinction time of the co-existing descendants of the given node. The ratios to the right are: (nonsynonymous mutations in epitopes + nonsynonymous mutations outside epitopes)/synonymous mutations in the trunk branches.