Fig. 5

Antioxidant Stress and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Scavenging Effects of MOF-Fe Nanoparticles. (A) Oxygen generation from the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). After exposure to H₂O₂, the oxygen generation rate at different MOF-Fe concentrations was evaluated. (B) Hydroxyl radical (•OH) scavenging assay. Comparison of •OH radical scavenging efficiency between the MOF treatment and the control groups. (C) 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Assessment of the DPPH radical scavenging ability of MOF-Fe nanoparticles at various concentrations. (D) Activation of the antioxidant pathway proteins nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) by different concentrations of MOF particles. (E) Fluorescence microscopy images showing ROS levels in BMSCs and RAW264.7 cells, with the fluorescence intensity decreasing as the MOF-Fe nanoparticle concentration increased. (F) Transwell assays indicate increased macrophage migration with higher MOF particle concentrations. (G) Cocultivation of MOF particles with macrophages had no significant impact on intracellular glutathione levels. H-L. Cocultivation of MOF particles with macrophages did not significantly affect the expression of mRNAs related to osteoclast differentiation. The data are presented as the means ± SDs (n = 3). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01