Fig. 2

Inhibition of mitolysosome formation by QA accumulates damaged mitochondria in microglia. (A, C) Representative confocal images of HMC3 cells stained with MitoTracker Deep Red treated with or without 50 µM QA for the indicated time. Insets show higher magnification of the image. Scale bar, 50 μm and 5 μm (ZOOM). (E) Representative confocal images of HMC3 cells stained with MitoTracker Deep Red treated with or without 50 µM QA in the absence or presence of 10 µM UA for 24 h. Scale bar, 5 μm. (G) Representative confocal images of 50 µM QA-treated HMC3 cells stained with MitoTracker Deep Red in the absence or presence of 10 µM UA and/or 20 µM CQ for 24 h. Scale bar, 5 μm. (B, D, F and H) Graphs represent the mitochondrial footprint, which refers to the total area of mitochondria stained with MitoTracker Deep Red (n = 15–21 cells). Data are means ± SEM. *** p < 0.001 versus no treatment (control) group (B, D and F), *** p < 0.001 versus QA alone treatment group (H), ^###p < 0.001 versus QA alone treatment group (F), ^###p < 0.001 versus QA and UA treatment group (H); Two-tailed unpaired t test (B, D) or one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (F and H)