Fig. 1

Characterization of Ti₃C₂ nanosheets and distribution of Ti₃C₂ nanosheets. a TEM image of single-layer Ti₃C₂ nanosheets. b SEM image of Ti₃C₂ nanosheets. c AFM image of Ti₃C₂ nanosheets. d–e XPS spectrum of Ti₃C₂ nanosheets in the Ti and C core-level regions. f Raman spectrum of Ti₃C₂ nanosheets. g Ti content was measured in testis by ICP-MS. h Distribution of Ti₃C₂ nanosheets and cellular ultrastructure of GC-1 were observed by TEM (Scale bar = 1 μm). Red arrows indicate Ti₃C₂ nanosheets. N: nucleus. All data were expressed as means ± standard deviation (n = 3). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, compared with the control group