Fig. 1

Aripiprazole and its primary active metabolite are selectively toxic to galactose-conditioned SH-SY5Y cells. A Normalised cellular ATP measurements from glucose- and galactose-conditioned SH-SY5Y cells exposed to the indicated antipsychotic drugs (10 μM), piericidin A, antimycin A (5 µM) or 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) (50 mM) for 18 h (the data are mean averages ± range from 2 independent experiments with 3 technical repeats; asterisks show the results from one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparison test, normalised to control). B Normalised cellular ATP measurements from glucose- and galactose-conditioned SH-SY5Y cells treated with the indicated concentrations of aripiprazole or dehydroaripiprazole for 18 h. Data were fitted to the standard dose–effect relationship (activity (%) =  = Bottom + (Top − Bottom)/(1 + 10^((LogIC50-X) × HillSlope)) using GraphPad Prism version 8.0 (mean ± SEM from 3 independent experiments, normalised to control). C Quantification of cell death in glucose- and galactose-conditioned SH-SY5Y cells treated with increasing concentrations of aripiprazole and dehydroaripiprazole for 18 h (mean ± SEM from 3 independent experiments, asterisks, one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparison test, normalised to control) (corresponds to Additional file 1: Fig. S1). D Quantification of glucose and galactose-conditioned SH-SY5Y cell proliferative rates following treatment with indicated concentrations of aripiprazole or dehydroaripiprazole over an 86 h period. Proliferation rates were calculated from the linear phase of each growth curve (mean ± SEM from 3 independent experiments, asterisks, one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparison test, normalised to control) (corresponds to Additional file 1: Fig. S2)